Literatur

Die potentielle Auswirkung der Handynutzung auf Trends bei Gehirn- und ZNS-Tumorerkrankungen
Örjan Hallberg¹ und L. Lloyd Morgan²
¹Hallberg Independent Research, Bratforsgatan 3, 123 50 Farsta, Schweden
²Environmental Health Trust, 2022 Francisco Street, Berkeley, CA 94709, USA
Die Bereitstellung des Original-Artikels erfolgt in Kürze

Erweiterte Literaturliste zum Beitrag von Dr. Klinghardt
Der fötale Ursprung von Erkrankungen im Erwachsenenalter
in: Fachzeitschrift für Neurobiologie Hier & Jetzt, Heft 2/2011

1. Gluckman PD, Hanson MA. Living with the past: evolution,
development, and patterns of disease. Science. 2004; 305:1733–1736.
[PubMed]

2. Glynn LM, Wadhwa PD, Dunkel-Schetter C, et al. When stress happens
matters: effects of earthquake timing on stress responsivity in
pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2001;184:637–642. [PubMed]

3. Feldman PJ, Dunkel-Schetter C, Sandman CA, Wadhwa PD. Maternal
social support predicts birth weight and fetal growth in human
pregnancy. Psychosom Med. 2000;62:715–725. [PubMed]

4. Rini CK, Dunkel-Schetter C, Wadhwa PD, Sandman CA. Psychological
adaptation and birth outcomes: the role of personal resources, stress,
and sociocultural context in pregnancy. Health Psychol.
1999;18:333–345. [PubMed]

5. Wadhwa PD, Sandman CA, Porto M, et al. The association between
prenatal stress and infant birth weight and gestational age at birth: a
prospective investigation. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1993;169:858–865.
[PubMed]

6. Wadhwa PD, Dunkel-Schetter C, Chicz-DeMet A, et al. Prenatal
psychosocial factors and the neuröndocrine axis in human pregnancy.
Psychosom Med. 1996;58:432–446. [PubMed]

7. Wadhwa PD, Sandman CA, Chicz-DeMet A, Porto M. Placental CRH
modulates maternal pituitary adrenal function in human pregnancy. Ann
NY Acad Sci. 1997;814:276–281. [PubMed]

8. Wadhwa PD, Garite TJ, Porto M, et al. Placental
corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), spontaneous preterm birth, and
fetal growth restriction: a prospective investigation. Am J Obstet
Gynecol. 2004;191:1063–1069. [PubMed]

9. Wadhwa PD, Porto M, Garite TJ, et al. Maternal
corticotropin-releasing hormone levels in the early third trimester
predict length of gestation in human pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol.
1998;179:1079–1085. [PubMed]

10. Behrman RE, Stith ButlerA, editors. Committee on understanding
premature birth and assuring healthy outcomes. Washington, DC: National
Academies Press; 2007.

11. Langley-Evans SC, McMullen S. Developmental origins of adult
disease. Med Princ Pract. 2010;19:87–98. A review of mechanisms
underlying nutritional programming of obesity and metabolic function.
[PubMed]

12. Wadhwa PD. Psychoneuröndocrine processes in human pregnancy
influence fetal development and health. Psychoneuröndocrinology.
2005;30:724–743. [PubMed]

13. Tataranni PA, Larson DE, Snitker S, et al. Effects of
glucocorticoids on energy metabolism and food intake in humans. Am J
Physiol. 1996;271(2 Pt 1):E317–E325. [PubMed]

14. George SA, Khan S, Briggs H, Abelson JL. CRH-stimulated Cortisol
release and food intake in healthy, nonobese adults.
Psychoneuröndocrinology. 2010;35:607–612. [PMC free article] [PubMed]

15. Gonzalez-Bono E, Rohleder N, Hellhammer DH, et al. Glucose but not
protein or fat load amplifies the Cortisol response to psychosocial
stress. Horm Behav. 2002;41:328–333. [PubMed]

16. Hitze B, Hubold C, van Dyken R, et al. How the selfish brain
organizes its supply and demand. Front Neurönergetics. 2010;2:7. [PMC
free article] [PubMed]

17. Epel E, Lapidus R, McEwen B, Brownell K. Stress may add bite to
appetite in women: a laboratory study of stress-induced Cortisol and
eating behavior. Psychoneuröndocrinology. 2001;26:37–49. [PubMed]

18. Cö CL, Lubach GR, Shirtcliff EA. Maternal stress during pregnancy
predisposes for iron deficiency in infant monkeys impacting innate
immunity. Pediatr Res. 2007;61(5 Pt 1):520–524. [PubMed]

19. Bailey MT, Lubach GR, Cö CL. Prenatal stress alters bacterial
colonization of the gut in infant monkeys. J Pediatr Gaströnterol
Nutr. 2004;38:414–421. [PubMed]

20. Cö CL, Lulbach GR, Schneider ML. Prenatal disturbance alters the
size of the corpus callosum in young monkeys. Dev Psychobiol.
2002;41:178–185. [PubMed]

21. Cö CL, Lubach GR, Karaszewski JW. Prenatal stress and immune
recognition of self and nonself in the primate neonate. Biol Neonate.
1999;76:301–310. [PubMed]

22. Bowman RE, MacLusky NJ, Sarmiento Y, et al. Sexually dimorphic
effects of prenatal stress on cognition, hormonal responses, and
central neurotransmitters. Endocrinology. 2004;145:3778–3787. [PubMed]

23. Entringer S, Wust S, Kumsta R. et al. Prenatal psychosocial stress
exposure is associated with insulin resistance in young adults. Am J
Obstet Gynecol. 2008;199:498.e1–498.e7. [PubMed]

24. Entringer S, Kumsta R, Nelson EL, et al. Influence of prenatal
psychosocial stress on cytokine production in adult women. Dev
Psychobiol. 2008;50:579–587. [PMC free article] [PubMed]

25. Heim C, Newport DJ, Heit S, et al. Pituitary-adrenal and autonomic
responses to stress in women after sexual and physical abuse in
childhood. JAMA. 2000;284:592–597. [PubMed]

26. Entringer S, Buss C, Kumsta R, et al. Prenatal psychosocial stress
exposure is associated with subsequent working memory performance in
young women. Behav Neurosci. 2009;123:886–893. [PMC free article]
[PubMed]

27. Buss C, Davis EP, Muftuler LT, et al. High pregnancy anxiety during
midgestation is associated with decreased gray matter density in
6–9-year-old children. Psychoneuröndocrinology. 2010;35:141–153. [PMC
free article] [PubMed]

28. Li J, Olsen J, Vestergaard M, et al. Prenatal stress exposure
related to maternal bereavement and risk of childhood overweight. PLoS
One. 2010;5:e11896. [PMC free article] [PubMed]

29. Beijers R, Jansen J, Riksen-Walraven M, de Weerth C. Maternal
prenatal anxiety and stress predict infant illnesses and health
complaints. Pediatrics. 2010;126:e401–e409. [PubMed]

30. Merrill JE. Tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 1 and related
cytokines in brain development: normal and pathological. Dev Neurosci.
1992;14:1–10. [PubMed]

31. Matthews SG. Antenatal glucocorticoids and programming of the
developing CNS. Pediatr Res. 2000;47:291–300. [PubMed]

32. Zhao B, Schwartz JP. Involvement of cytokines in normal CNS
development and neurological diseases: recent progress and
perspectives. J Neurosci Res. 1998;52:7–16. [PubMed]

33. Trejo JL, Cuchillo I, Machin C, Rua C. Maternal adrenalectomy at
the early onset of gestation impairs the postnatal development of the
rat hippocampal formation: effects on cell numbers and differentiation,
connectivity and calbindin-D28k immunoreactivity. J Neurosci Res.
2000;62:644–667. [PubMed]

34. Garbrecht MR, Klein JM, Schmidt TJ, Snyder JM. Glucocorticoid
metabolism in the human fetal lung: implications for lung development
and the pulmonary surfactant system. Biol Neonate. 2006;89:109–119.
[PubMed]

35. Cole TJ, Blendy JA, Monaghan AP, et al. Targeted disruption of the
glucocorticoid receptor gene blocks adrenergic chromaffin cell
development and severely retards lung maturation. Genes Dev.
1995;9:1608–1621. [PubMed]

36. Yen SC. Endocrinology of pregnancy. In: Creasy RK, Resnick R,
editors. Maternal–fetal medicine: principles and practice.
Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; 1994.

37. Mastorakos G, Ilias I. Maternal and fetal
hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axes during pregnancy and postpartum.
Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2003;997:136–149. [PubMed]

38. Harris A, Seckl J. Glucocorticoids, prenatal stress and the
programming of disease. Horm Behav. 2010 [Epub ahead of print] An
important, comprehensive review of animal and human studies on
glucocorticoid programming, with an emphasis on molecular mechanisms
and effects on the brain.

39. Cheng YH, Nicholson RC, King B, et al. Corticotropin-releasing
hormone gene expression in primary placental cells is modulated by
cyclic adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate. J Clin Endocrinol Metab.
2000;85:1239–1244. [PubMed]

40. Lowry PJ. Corticotropin-releasing factor and its binding protein in
human plasma. Ciba Found Symp. 1993;172:108–115. discussion 15-28.
[PubMed]

41. Weetman AP. Immunity, thyroid function and pregnancy: molecular
mechanisms. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2010;6:311–318. A review of major
pregnancy-induced changes in immune function. [PubMed]

42. Chrousos GP, Gold PW. The concepts of stress and stress system
disorders. Overview of physical and behavioral homeostasis. JAMA.
1992;267:1244–1252. [PubMed]

43. Elenkov IJ, Chrousos GP. Stress hormones, Th1/Th2 patterns,
pro/anti-inflammatory cytokines and susceptibility to disease. Trends
Endocrinol Metab. 1999;10:359–368. [PubMed]

44. Entringer S, Buss C, Shirtcliff EA, et al. Attenuation of maternal
psychophysiological stress responses and the maternal Cortisol
awakening response over the course of human pregnancy. Stress.
2010;13:258–268. The first report to show a progressive attenuation of
maternal psychophysiological stress responses over the course of human
gestation. [PMC free article] [PubMed]

45. Buss C, Entringer S, Reyes JF, et al. The maternal Cortisol
awakening response in human pregnancy is associated with the length of
gestation. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2009;201:398.e1–398.e8. [PubMed]

46. Coussons-Read ME, Okun ML, Schmitt MP, Giese S. Prenatal stress
alters cytokine levels in a manner that may endanger human pregnancy.
Psychosom Med. 2005;67:625–631. [PubMed]

47. Christian LM, Franco A, Glaser R, Iams JD. Depressive symptoms are
associated with elevated serum proinflammatory cytokines among pregnant
women. Brain Behav Immun. 2009;23:750–754. [PMC free article] [PubMed]

48. Christian LM, Franco A, Iams J, et al. Depressive symptoms predict
exaggerated inflammatory responses to an in vivo immune challenge among
pregnant women. Brain Behav Immun. 2010;24:49–53. [PMC free article]
[PubMed]

49. Petraglia F, Calza L, Garuti GC, et al. New aspects of placental
endocrinology. J Endocrinol Invest. 1990;13:353–371. [PubMed]

50. Petraglia F, Sawchenko PE, Rivier J, Vale W. Evidence for local
stimulation of ACTH secretion by corticotropin-releasing factor in
human placenta. Nature. 1987;328:717–719. [PubMed]

51. Petraglia F, Sutton S, Vale W. Neurotransmitters and peptides
modulate the release of immunoreactive corticotropin-releasing factor
from cultured human placental cells. Am J Obstet Gynecol.
1989;160:247–251. [PubMed]
52. Goland RS, Conwell IM, Warren WB, Wardlaw SL. Placental
corticotropin-releasing hormone and pituitary–adrenal function during
pregnancy. Neuröndocrinology. 1992;56:742–749. [PubMed]

53. Chan EC, Smith R, Lewin T, et al. Plasma corticotropin-releasing
hormone, beta-endorphin and Cortisol inter-relationships during human
pregnancy. Acta Endocrinol (Copenhagen) 1993;128:339–344.

54. Florio P, Zatelli MC, Reis FM, et al. Corticotropin releasing
hormone: a diagnostic marker for behavioral and reproductive disorders?
Front Biosci. 2007;12:551–560. [PubMed]

55. Petraglia F, Aguzzoli L, Florio P, et al. Maternal plasma and
placental immunoreactive corticotrophin-releasing factor concentrations
in infection-associated term and preterm delivery. Placenta.
1995;16:157–164. [PubMed]

56. Stallmach T, Hebisch G, Joller H, et al. Expression pattern of
cytokines in the different compartments of the feto-maternal unit under
various conditions. Reprod Fertil Dev. 1995;7:1573–1580. [PubMed]

57. Harville EW, Savitz DA, Dole N, et al. Stress and placental
resistance measured by Doppler ultrasound in early and mid-pregnancy.
Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2008;32:23–30. [PubMed]

58. LaMarca BD, Ryan MJ, Gilbert JS, et al. Inflammatory cytokines in
the pathophysiology of hypertension during preeclampsia. Curr Hypertens
Rep. 2007;9:480–485. [PubMed]

59. Varvarigou AA, Petsali M, Vassilakos P, Beratis NG. Increased
Cortisol concentrations in the cord blood of newborns whose mothers
smoked during pregnancy. J Perinat Med. 2006;34:466–470. [PubMed]

60. Shen Q, Li ZQ, Sun Y, et al. The role of pro-inflammatory factors
in mediating the effects on the fetus of prenatal undernutrition:
implications for schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2008;99:48–55. [PubMed]

61. Paul K, Boutain D, Agnew K, et al. The relationship between racial
identity, income, stress and C-reactive protein among parous women:
implications for preterm birth disparity research. J Natl Med Assoc.
2008;100:540–546. [PubMed]

62. Ford SP, Zhang L, Zhu M, et al. Maternal obesity accelerates fetal
pancreatic beta-cell but not alpha-cell development in sheep: prenatal
consequences. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol.
2009;297:R835–R843. [PMC free article] [PubMed]

63. Bloomfield FH, Oliver MH, Hawkins P, et al. Periconceptional
undernutrition in sheep accelerates maturation of the fetal
hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis in late gestation. Endocrinology.
2004;145:4278–4285. [PubMed]

64. Chadio SE, Kotsampasi B, Papadomichelakis G, et al. Impact of
maternal undernutrition on the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis
responsiveness in sheep at different ages postnatal. J Endocrinol.
2007;192:495–503. [PubMed]

65. Dwyer CM, Stickland NC. The effects of maternal undernutrition on
maternal and fetal serum insulin-like growth factors, thyroid hormones
and Cortisol in the guinea pig. J Dev Physiol. 1992;18:303–313. [PubMed]

66. Lingas R, Dean F, Matthews SG. Maternal nutrient restriction (48 h)
modifies brain corticosteroid receptor expression and endocrine
function in the fetal guinea pig. Brain Res. 1999;846:236–242. [PubMed]

67. Bispham J, Gopalakrishnan GS, Dandrea J, et al. Maternal endocrine
adaptation throughout pregnancy to nutritional manipulation:
consequences for maternal plasma leptin and Cortisol and the
programming of fetal adipose tissue development. Endocrinology.
2003;144:3575–3585. [PubMed]

68. Florio P, Imperatore A, Sanseverino F, et al. The measurement of
maternal plasma corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and CRF-binding
protein improves the early prediction of preeclampsia. J Clin
Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89:4673–4677. [PubMed]

69. Ng EK, Leung TN, Tsui NB, et al. The concentration of circulating
corticotropin-releasing hormone mRNA in maternal plasma is increased in
preeclampsia. Clin Chem. 2003;49:727–731. [PubMed]

70. Florio P, Romero R, Chaiworapongsa T, et al. Amniotic fluid and
umbilical cord plasma corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), CRF-binding
protein, adrenocorticotropin, and Cortisol concentrations in
intraamniotic infection and inflammation at term. J Clin Endocrinol
Metab. 2008;93:3604–3609. [PubMed]

71. Halfon N, Newacheck PW. Evolving notions of childhood chronic
illness. JAMA. 2010;303:665–666. [PubMed]

72. Van Cleave J, Gortmaker SL, Perrin JM. Dynamics of obesity and
chronic health conditions among children and youth. JAMA.
2010;303:623–630. [PubMed]

73. Butte NF, Christiansen E, Sorensen TIA. Energy imbalance underlying
the development of childhood obesity. Obesity. 2007;15:3056–3066.
[PubMed]

74. Muhlhausler B, Smith SR. Early-life origins of metabolic
dysfunction: role of the adipocyte. Trends Endocrinol Metab.
2009;20:51–57. A comprehensive review of early life factors influencing
adipocyte development. [PubMed]

75. Kensara OA, Wootton SA, Phillips DI, et al. Fetal programming of
body composition: relation between birth weight and body composition
measured with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and anthropometric
methods in older Englishmen. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;82:980–987. [PubMed]

76. Ibanez L, Suarez L, Lopez-Bermejo A, et al. Early development of
visceral fat excess after spontaneous catch-up growth in children with
low birth weight. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93:925–928. [PubMed]

77. Ibanez L, Ong K, Dunger DB, de Zegher F. Early development of
adiposity and insulin resistance after catch-up weight gain in
small-for-gestational-age children. J Clin Endocrinol Metab.
2006;91:2153–2158. [PubMed]

78. Gillman MW, Rich-Edwards JW, Huh S, et al. Maternal
corticotropin-releasing hormone levels during pregnancy and offspring
adiposity. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2006;14:1647–1653. [PMC free
article] [PubMed]

79. Fasting MH, Oken E, Mantzoros CS, et al. Maternal levels of
corticotropin-releasing hormone during pregnancy in relation to
adiponectin and leptin in early childhood. J Clin Endocrinol Metab.
2009;94:1409–1415. The first paper reporting an association between CRH
levels in pregnancy and alterations in adiponectin and leptin levels in
3-year-old children. [PMC free article] [PubMed]

80. Radälli T, Uvena-Celebrezze J, Minium J, et al. Maternal
interleukin-6: marker of fetal growth and adiposity. J Soc Gynecol
Investig. 2006;13:53–57.

81. Devaskar SU. Neurohumoral regulation of body weight gain. Pediatr
Diabetes. 2001;2:131–144. [PubMed]

82. Mietus-Snyder ML, Lustig RH. Childhood obesity: adrift in the
‘limbic triangle’ Annu Rev Med. 2008;59:147–162. [PubMed]

83. Bouret SG. Early life origins of obesity: role of hypothalamic
programming. J Pediatr Gaströnterol Nutr. 2009;48(Suppl 1):S31–S38. An
important, comprehensive review of the actions of perinatal hormones
and nutrition in programming the development and organization of
hypothalamic circuits that regulate body weight and energy balance.
[PubMed]

84. Richard D, Huang Q, Timofeeva E. The corticotropin-releasing
hormone system in the regulation of energy balance in obesity. Int J
Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2000;24(Suppl 2):S36–S39. [PubMed]

85. Leal-Cerro A, Soto A, Martinez MA, et al. Influence of Cortisol
status on leptin secretion. Pituitary. 2001;4:111–116. [PubMed]

86. Martin RJ, Hausman GJ, Hausman DB. Regulation of adipose cell
development in utero. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1998;219:200–210. [PubMed]

87. Ailhaud G, Grimaldi P, Negrel R. Cellular and molecular aspects of
adipose tissue development. Annu Rev Nutr. 1992;12:207–233. [PubMed]

88. Spalding KL, Arner E, Westermark PO, et al. Dynamics of fat cell
turnover in humans. Nature. 2008;453:783–787. [PubMed]

89. Grammatopoulos D. The family of corticotropin-releasing hormone
(CRH) peptides: important regulators of adipocyte function. Endocr
Abstracts. 2008;16:S19.1.

90. Coppack SW. Pro-inflammatory cytokines and adipose tissue. Proc
Nutr Soc. 2001;60:349–356. [PubMed]

91. Muhlhausler BS, Adam CL, Findlay PA, et al. Increased maternal
nutrition alters development of the appetite-regulating network in the
brain. FASEB J. 2006;20:1257–1259. [PubMed]

92. Muhlhausler BS, Duffield JA, McMillen IC. Increased maternal
nutrition stimulates peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-gamma,
adiponectin, and leptin messenger ribonucleic acid expression in
adipose tissue before birth. Endocrinology. 2007;148:878–885. [PubMed]

93. McMillen IC, Robinson JS. Developmental origins of the metabolic
syndrome: prediction, plasticity, and programming. Physiol Rev.
2005;85:571–633. [PubMed]

94. Padoan A, Rigano S, Ferrazzi E, et al. Differences in fat and lean
mass proportions in normal and growth-restricted fetuses. Am J Obstet
Gynecol. 2004;191:1459–1464. [PubMed]

95. Crescenzo R, Samec S, Antic V, et al. A role for suppressed
thermogenesis favoring catch-up fat in the pathophysiology of catch-up
growth. Diabetes. 2003;52:1090–1097. [PubMed]

96. Jaquet D, Gaboriau A, Czernichow P, Levy-Marchal C. Insulin
resistance early in adulthood in subjects born with intrauterine growth
retardation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000;85:1401–1406. [PubMed]

97. Nyirenda MJ, Lindsay RS, Kenyon CJ, et al. Glucocorticoid exposure
in late gestation permanently programs rat hepatic phosphönolpyruvate
carboxykinase and glucocorticoid receptor expression and causes glucose
intolerance in adult offspring. J Clin Invest. 1998;101:2174–2181. [PMC
free article] [PubMed]

98. Lillycrop KA, Phillips ES, Torrens C, et al. Feeding pregnant rats
a protein-restricted diet persistently alters the methylation of
specific cytosines in the hepatic PPAR alpha promoter of the offspring.
Br J Nutr. 2008;100:278–282. [PMC free article] [PubMed]

99. Lillycrop KA, Slater-Jefferies JL, Hanson MA, et al. Induction of
altered epigenetic regulation of the hepatic glucocorticoid receptor in
the offspring of rats fed a protein-restricted diet during pregnancy
suggests that reduced DNA methyltransferase-1 expression is involved in
impaired DNA methylation and changes in histone modifications. Br J
Nutr. 2007;97:1064–1073. [PMC free article] [PubMed]

100. Schwitzgebel VM, Somm E, Klee P. Modeling intrauterine growth
retardation in rodents: impact on pancreas development and glucose
homeostasis. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2009;304:78–83. A review of animal
models invetigating the effects of an adverse intrauterine environment
on fetal and postnatal pancreatic islet development. [PubMed]

101. Speiser PW, Rudolf MC, Anhalt H, et al. Childhood obesity. J Clin
Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90:1871–1887. [PubMed]

102. O'Rahilly S, Farooqi IS. Human obesity: a heritable
neurobehavioral disorder that is highly sensitive to environmental
conditions. Diabetes. 2008;57:2905–2910. [PMC free article] [PubMed]

103. Clement K, Ferre P. Genetics and the pathophysiology of obesity.
Pediatr Res. 2003;53:721–725. [PubMed]

104. Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Flegal KM. High body mass index for age
among US children and adolescents, 2003–2006. JAMA. 2008;299:2401–2405.
[PubMed]

105. Voorheuve PG, van den Akker EL, van Rossum EF, et al.
Glucocorticoid receptor gene variant is associated with increased body
fatness in youngsters. Clin Endocrinol. 2009;71:518–523.

106. Kumsta R, Entringer S, Koper JW, et al. Sex specific associations
between common glucocorticoid receptor gene variants and
hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal axis responses to psychosocial stress.
Biol Psychiatry. 2007;62:863–869. [PubMed]

107. Wadhwa PD, Buss C, Entringer S, Swanson JM. Developmental origins
of health and disease: brief history of the approach and current focus
on epigenetic mechanisms. Semin Reprod Med. 2009;27:358–368. A review
of effects of overnutrition and stress during pregnancy on outcomes in
childhood and adulthood, and potential epigenetic mechanisms. [PMC free
article] [PubMed]

108. Swanson JM, Entringer S, Buss C, Wadhwa PD. Developmental origins
of health and disease: environmental exposures. Semin Reprod Med.
2009;27:391–402. [PMC free article] [PubMed]

109. Flo K, Wilsgaard T, Acharya G. Relation between utero-placental
and fetoplacental circulations: a longitudinal study. Acta Obstet
Gynecol Scand. 2010;89:1270–1275. [PubMed]

110. Ebbing C, Rasmussen S, Godfrey KM, et al. Fetal superior
mesenteric artery: longitudinal reference ranges and evidence of
regulatory link to portal liver circulation. Early Hum Dev.
2009;85:207–213. [PubMed]

111. Chang CH, Yu CH, Chang FM, et al. Assessment of fetal adrenal
gland volume using three-dimensional ultrasound. Ultrasound Med Biol.
2002;28:1383–1387. [PubMed]

112. Chang CH, Yu CH, Ko HC, et al. Predicting fetal growth restriction
with liver volume by three-dimensional ultrasound: efficacy evaluation.
Ultrasound Med Biol. 2006;32:13–17. [PubMed]

113. Lee W, Balasubramaniam M, Deter RL, et al. Fetal growth
parameters and birth weight: their relationship to neonatal body
composition. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2009;33:441–446. An important
empircal paper investigating the relationship between prenatal
sonographic parameters and birth weight in predicting neonatal body
composition in humans. [PubMed]

114. Lee W, Deter RL, McNie B, et al. Individualized growth assessment
of fetal soft tissue using fractional thigh volume. Ultrasound Obstet
Gynecol. 2004;24:766–774. [PubMed]

115. Hu HH, Kim HW, Nayak KS, Goran MI. Comparison of fat-water MRI
and single-voxel MRS in the assessment of hepatic and pancreatic fat
fractions in humans. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2010;18:841–847. An
empirical paper validating an MRI protocol to image fatty infiltration
in organs. [PMC free article] [PubMed]

116. Hu HH, Smith DL, Jr, Nayak KS, et al. Identification of brown
adipose tissue in mice with fat-water IDEAL-MRI. J Magn Reson Imaging.
2010;31:1195–1202. An important method development paper to
noninvasively characterize brown adipose tissue. [PMC free article]
[PubMed]

117. Kirchner S, Kieu T, Chow C, et al. Prenatal exposure to the
environmental obesogen tributyltin predisposes multipotent stem cells
to become adipocytes. Mol Endocrinol. 2010;24:526–539. A very important
empirical paper showing an effect of prental exposure to environmental
toxins on sensitizing multipotent stromal stem cells to differentiate
into adipocytes. [PMC free article] [PubMed]

118. Wood SN. Stable and efficient multiple smoothing parameter
estimation for generalized additive models. J Am Stat Assoc.
2004;99:673–686.

119. Hedeker D, Gibbons R. In: Longitudinal data analysis. Balding DJ,
Cressie NAC, Fisher NI, et al., editors. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley; 2006.

120. Raudenbush SW, Liu X. Effect of study duration, frequency of
observation, and sample size on power in studies of group differences
in polynomial change. Psychol Methods. 2001;6:387–401. [PubMed]

121. Singer JD, Willett JB. Applied longitudinal data analysis:
modeling change and event occurence. New York: Oxford University Press;
2003.

122. Astrup A, Buemann B, Toubro S, et al. Low resting metabolic rate
in subjects predisposed to obesity: a role for thyroid status. Am J
Clin Nutr. 1996;63:879–883. [PubMed]

123. Wing RR, Hill JO. Successful weight loss maintenance. Annu Rev
Nutr. 2001;21:323–341. [PubMed]

124. Kaplan RM. Should medicare reimburse providers for weight loss
interventions? Am Psychol. 2007;62:217–219. [PubMed]